pfSense

<?php

/*

	certs.inc

	part of pfSense (https://www.pfsense.org)

	Copyright (c) 2008-2016 Electric Sheep Fencing, LLC. All rights reserved.

	Copyright (c) 2008 Shrew Soft Inc. All rights reserved.

	Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

	modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

	1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,

	   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

	2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright

	   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in

	   the documentation and/or other materials provided with the

	   distribution.

	3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software

	   must display the following acknowledgment:

	   "This product includes software developed by the pfSense Project

	   for use in the pfSense® software distribution. (http://www.pfsense.org/).

	4. The names "pfSense" and "pfSense Project" must not be used to

	   endorse or promote products derived from this software without

	   prior written permission. For written permission, please contact

	   coreteam@pfsense.org.

	5. Products derived from this software may not be called "pfSense"

	   nor may "pfSense" appear in their names without prior written

	   permission of the Electric Sheep Fencing, LLC.

	6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following

	   acknowledgment:

	"This product includes software developed by the pfSense Project

	for use in the pfSense software distribution (http://www.pfsense.org/).

	THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE pfSense PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY

	EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE

	IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR

	PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE pfSense PROJECT OR

	ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,

	SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT

	NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;

	LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)

	HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,

	STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)

	ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED

	OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

*/

define("OPEN_SSL_CONF_PATH", "/etc/ssl/openssl.cnf");

require_once("functions.inc");

global $openssl_digest_algs;

$openssl_digest_algs = array("sha1", "sha224", "sha256", "sha384", "sha512");

global $openssl_crl_status;

$openssl_crl_status = array(

	OCSP_REVOKED_STATUS_NOSTATUS              => "No Status (default)",

	OCSP_REVOKED_STATUS_UNSPECIFIED           => "Unspecified",

	OCSP_REVOKED_STATUS_KEYCOMPROMISE         => "Key Compromise",

	OCSP_REVOKED_STATUS_CACOMPROMISE          => "CA Compromise",

	OCSP_REVOKED_STATUS_AFFILIATIONCHANGED    => "Affiliation Changed",

	OCSP_REVOKED_STATUS_SUPERSEDED            => "Superseded",

	OCSP_REVOKED_STATUS_CESSATIONOFOPERATION  => "Cessation of Operation",

	OCSP_REVOKED_STATUS_CERTIFICATEHOLD       => "Certificate Hold"

);

function & lookup_ca($refid) {

	global $config;

	if (is_array($config['ca'])) {

		foreach ($config['ca'] as & $ca) {

			if ($ca['refid'] == $refid) {

				return $ca;

			}

		}

	}

	return false;

}

function & lookup_ca_by_subject($subject) {

	global $config;

	if (is_array($config['ca'])) {

		foreach ($config['ca'] as & $ca) {

			$ca_subject = cert_get_subject($ca['crt']);

			if ($ca_subject == $subject) {

				return $ca;

			}

		}

	}

	return false;

}

function & lookup_cert($refid) {

	global $config;

	if (is_array($config['cert'])) {

		foreach ($config['cert'] as & $cert) {

			if ($cert['refid'] == $refid) {

				return $cert;

			}

		}

	}

	return false;

}

function & lookup_cert_by_name($name) {

	global $config;

	if (is_array($config['cert'])) {

		foreach ($config['cert'] as & $cert) {

			if ($cert['descr'] == $name) {

				return $cert;

			}

		}

	}

}

function & lookup_crl($refid) {

	global $config;

	if (is_array($config['crl'])) {

		foreach ($config['crl'] as & $crl) {

			if ($crl['refid'] == $refid) {

				return $crl;

			}

		}

	}

	return false;

}

function ca_chain_array(& $cert) {

	if ($cert['caref']) {

		$chain = array();

		$crt = lookup_ca($cert['caref']);

		$chain[] = $crt;

		while ($crt) {

			$caref = $crt['caref'];

			if ($caref) {

				$crt = lookup_ca($caref);

			} else {

				$crt = false;

			}

			if ($crt) {

				$chain[] = $crt;

			}

		}

		return $chain;

	}

	return false;

}

function ca_chain(& $cert) {

	if ($cert['caref']) {

		$ca = "";

		$cas = ca_chain_array($cert);

		if (is_array($cas)) {

			foreach ($cas as & $ca_cert) {

				$ca .= base64_decode($ca_cert['crt']);

				$ca .= "\n";

			}

		}

		return $ca;

	}

	return "";

}

function ca_import(& $ca, $str, $key = "", $serial = 0) {

	global $config;

	$ca['crt'] = base64_encode($str);

	if (!empty($key)) {

		$ca['prv'] = base64_encode($key);

	}

	if (!empty($serial)) {

		$ca['serial'] = $serial;

	}

	$subject = cert_get_subject($str, false);

	$issuer = cert_get_issuer($str, false);

	// Find my issuer unless self-signed

	if ($issuer <> $subject) {

		$issuer_crt =& lookup_ca_by_subject($issuer);

		if ($issuer_crt) {

			$ca['caref'] = $issuer_crt['refid'];

		}

	}

	/* Correct if child certificate was loaded first */

	if (is_array($config['ca'])) {

		foreach ($config['ca'] as & $oca) {

			$issuer = cert_get_issuer($oca['crt']);

			if ($ca['refid'] <> $oca['refid'] && $issuer == $subject) {

				$oca['caref'] = $ca['refid'];

			}

		}

	}

	if (is_array($config['cert'])) {

		foreach ($config['cert'] as & $cert) {

			$issuer = cert_get_issuer($cert['crt']);

			if ($issuer == $subject) {

				$cert['caref'] = $ca['refid'];

			}

		}

	}

	return true;

}

function ca_create(& $ca, $keylen, $lifetime, $dn, $digest_alg = "sha256") {

	$args = array(

		"x509_extensions" => "v3_ca",

		"digest_alg" => $digest_alg,

		"private_key_bits" => (int)$keylen,

		"private_key_type" => OPENSSL_KEYTYPE_RSA,

		"encrypt_key" => false);

	// generate a new key pair

	$res_key = openssl_pkey_new($args);

	if (!$res_key) {

		return false;

	}

	// generate a certificate signing request

	$res_csr = openssl_csr_new($dn, $res_key, $args);

	if (!$res_csr) {

		return false;

	}

	// self sign the certificate

	$res_crt = openssl_csr_sign($res_csr, null, $res_key, $lifetime, $args);

	if (!$res_crt) {

		return false;

	}

	// export our certificate data

	if (!openssl_pkey_export($res_key, $str_key) ||

	    !openssl_x509_export($res_crt, $str_crt)) {

		return false;

	}

	// return our ca information

	$ca['crt'] = base64_encode($str_crt);

	$ca['prv'] = base64_encode($str_key);

	$ca['serial'] = 0;

	return true;

}

function ca_inter_create(& $ca, $keylen, $lifetime, $dn, $caref, $digest_alg = "sha256") {

	// Create Intermediate Certificate Authority

	$signing_ca =& lookup_ca($caref);

	if (!$signing_ca) {

		return false;

	}

	$signing_ca_res_crt = openssl_x509_read(base64_decode($signing_ca['crt']));

	$signing_ca_res_key = openssl_pkey_get_private(array(0 => base64_decode($signing_ca['prv']) , 1 => ""));

	if (!$signing_ca_res_crt || !$signing_ca_res_key) {

		return false;

	}

	$signing_ca_serial = ++$signing_ca['serial'];

	$args = array(

		"x509_extensions" => "v3_ca",

		"digest_alg" => $digest_alg,

		"private_key_bits" => (int)$keylen,

		"private_key_type" => OPENSSL_KEYTYPE_RSA,

		"encrypt_key" => false);

	// generate a new key pair

	$res_key = openssl_pkey_new($args);

	if (!$res_key) {

		return false;

	}

	// generate a certificate signing request

	$res_csr = openssl_csr_new($dn, $res_key, $args);

	if (!$res_csr) {

		return false;

	}

	// Sign the certificate

	$res_crt = openssl_csr_sign($res_csr, $signing_ca_res_crt, $signing_ca_res_key, $lifetime, $args, $signing_ca_serial);

	if (!$res_crt) {

		return false;

	}

	// export our certificate data

	if (!openssl_pkey_export($res_key, $str_key) ||

	    !openssl_x509_export($res_crt, $str_crt)) {

		return false;

	}

	// return our ca information

	$ca['crt'] = base64_encode($str_crt);

	$ca['prv'] = base64_encode($str_key);

	$ca['serial'] = 0;

	$ca['caref'] = $caref;

	return true;

}

function cert_import(& $cert, $crt_str, $key_str) {

	$cert['crt'] = base64_encode($crt_str);

	$cert['prv'] = base64_encode($key_str);

	$subject = cert_get_subject($crt_str, false);

	$issuer = cert_get_issuer($crt_str, false);

	// Find my issuer unless self-signed

	if ($issuer <> $subject) {

		$issuer_crt =& lookup_ca_by_subject($issuer);

		if ($issuer_crt) {

			$cert['caref'] = $issuer_crt['refid'];

		}

	}

	return true;

}

function cert_create(& $cert, $caref, $keylen, $lifetime, $dn, $type = "user", $digest_alg = "sha256") {

	$cert['type'] = $type;

	if ($type != "self-signed") {

		$cert['caref'] = $caref;

		$ca =& lookup_ca($caref);

		if (!$ca) {

			return false;

		}

		$ca_str_crt = base64_decode($ca['crt']);

		$ca_str_key = base64_decode($ca['prv']);

		$ca_res_crt = openssl_x509_read($ca_str_crt);

		$ca_res_key = openssl_pkey_get_private(array(0 => $ca_str_key, 1 => ""));

		if (!$ca_res_key) {

			return false;

		}

		$ca_serial = ++$ca['serial'];

	}

	switch ($type) {

		case "ca":

			$cert_type = "v3_ca";

			break;

		case "server":

		case "self-signed":

			$cert_type = "server";

			break;

		default:

			$cert_type = "usr_cert";

			break;

	}

	// in case of using Subject Alternative Names use other sections (with postfix '_san')

	// pass subjectAltName over environment variable 'SAN'

	if ($dn['subjectAltName']) {

		putenv("SAN={$dn['subjectAltName']}"); // subjectAltName can be set _only_ via configuration file

		$cert_type .= '_san';

		unset($dn['subjectAltName']);

	}

	$args = array(

		"x509_extensions" => $cert_type,

		"digest_alg" => $digest_alg,

		"private_key_bits" => (int)$keylen,

		"private_key_type" => OPENSSL_KEYTYPE_RSA,

		"encrypt_key" => false);

	// generate a new key pair

	$res_key = openssl_pkey_new($args);

	if (!$res_key) {

		return false;

	}

	// If this is a self-signed cert, blank out the CA and sign with the cert's key

	if ($type == "self-signed") {

		$ca           = null;

		$ca_res_crt   = null;

		$ca_res_key   = $res_key;

		$ca_serial    = 0;

		$cert['type'] = "server";

	}

	// generate a certificate signing request

	$res_csr = openssl_csr_new($dn, $res_key, $args);

	if (!$res_csr) {

		return false;

	}

	// sign the certificate using an internal CA

	$res_crt = openssl_csr_sign($res_csr, $ca_res_crt, $ca_res_key, $lifetime,

				 $args, $ca_serial);

	if (!$res_crt) {

		return false;

	}

	// export our certificate data

	if (!openssl_pkey_export($res_key, $str_key) ||

	    !openssl_x509_export($res_crt, $str_crt)) {

		return false;

	}

	// return our certificate information

	$cert['crt'] = base64_encode($str_crt);

	$cert['prv'] = base64_encode($str_key);

	return true;

}

function csr_generate(& $cert, $keylen, $dn, $digest_alg = "sha256") {

	$args = array(

		"x509_extensions" => "v3_req",

		"digest_alg" => $digest_alg,

		"private_key_bits" => (int)$keylen,

		"private_key_type" => OPENSSL_KEYTYPE_RSA,

		"encrypt_key" => false);

	// generate a new key pair

	$res_key = openssl_pkey_new($args);

	if (!$res_key) {

		return false;

	}

	// generate a certificate signing request

	$res_csr = openssl_csr_new($dn, $res_key, $args);

	if (!$res_csr) {

		return false;

	}

	// export our request data

	if (!openssl_pkey_export($res_key, $str_key) ||

	    !openssl_csr_export($res_csr, $str_csr)) {

		return false;

	}

	// return our request information

	$cert['csr'] = base64_encode($str_csr);

	$cert['prv'] = base64_encode($str_key);

	return true;

}

function csr_complete(& $cert, $str_crt) {

	// return our request information

	$cert['crt'] = base64_encode($str_crt);

	unset($cert['csr']);

	return true;

}

function csr_get_subject($str_crt, $decode = true) {

	if ($decode) {

		$str_crt = base64_decode($str_crt);

	}

	$components = openssl_csr_get_subject($str_crt);

	if (empty($components) || !is_array($components)) {

		return "unknown";

	}

	ksort($components);

	foreach ($components as $a => $v) {

		if (!strlen($subject)) {

			$subject = "{$a}={$v}";

		} else {

			$subject = "{$a}={$v}, {$subject}";

		}

	}

	return $subject;

}

function cert_get_subject($str_crt, $decode = true) {

	if ($decode) {

		$str_crt = base64_decode($str_crt);

	}

	$inf_crt = openssl_x509_parse($str_crt);

	$components = $inf_crt['subject'];

	if (empty($components) || !is_array($components)) {

		return "unknown";

	}

	ksort($components);

	foreach ($components as $a => $v) {

		if (is_array($v)) {

			ksort($v);

			foreach ($v as $w) {

				$asubject = "{$a}={$w}";

				$subject = (strlen($subject)) ? "{$asubject}, {$subject}" : $asubject;

			}

		} else {

			$asubject = "{$a}={$v}";

			$subject = (strlen($subject)) ? "{$asubject}, {$subject}" : $asubject;

		}

	}

	return $subject;

}

function cert_get_subject_array($crt) {

	$str_crt = base64_decode($crt);

	$inf_crt = openssl_x509_parse($str_crt);

	$components = $inf_crt['subject'];

	if (!is_array($components)) {

		return;

	}

	$subject_array = array();

	foreach ($components as $a => $v) {

		$subject_array[] = array('a' => $a, 'v' => $v);

	}

	return $subject_array;

}

function cert_get_subject_hash($crt) {

	$str_crt = base64_decode($crt);

	$inf_crt = openssl_x509_parse($str_crt);

	return $inf_crt['subject'];

}

function cert_get_issuer($str_crt, $decode = true) {

	if ($decode) {

		$str_crt = base64_decode($str_crt);

	}

	$inf_crt = openssl_x509_parse($str_crt);

	$components = $inf_crt['issuer'];

	if (empty($components) || !is_array($components)) {

		return "unknown";

	}

	ksort($components);

	foreach ($components as $a => $v) {

		if (is_array($v)) {

			ksort($v);

			foreach ($v as $w) {

				$aissuer = "{$a}={$w}";

				$issuer = (strlen($issuer)) ? "{$aissuer}, {$issuer}" : $aissuer;

			}

		} else {

			$aissuer = "{$a}={$v}";

			$issuer = (strlen($issuer)) ? "{$aissuer}, {$issuer}" : $aissuer;

		}

	}

	return $issuer;

}

/* this function works on x509 (crt), rsa key (prv), and req(csr) */

function cert_get_modulus($str_crt, $decode = true, $type = "crt") {

	if ($decode) {

		$str_crt = base64_decode($str_crt);

	}

	$modulus = "";

	if (in_array($type, array("crt", "prv", "csr"))) {

		$type = str_replace(array("crt", "prv", "csr"), array("x509", "rsa", "req"), $type);

		$modulus = exec("echo \"{$str_crt}\" | openssl {$type} -noout -modulus");

	}

	return $modulus;

}

function csr_get_modulus($str_crt, $decode = true) {

	return cert_get_modulus($str_crt, $decode, "csr");

}

function cert_get_purpose($str_crt, $decode = true) {

	if ($decode) {

		$str_crt = base64_decode($str_crt);

	}

	$crt_details = openssl_x509_parse($str_crt);

	$purpose = array();

	$purpose['ca'] = (stristr($crt_details['extensions']['basicConstraints'], 'CA:TRUE') === false) ? 'No': 'Yes';

	$purpose['server'] = ($crt_details['extensions']['nsCertType'] == "SSL Server") ? 'Yes': 'No';

	return $purpose;

}

function cert_get_dates($str_crt, $decode = true) {

	if ($decode) {

		$str_crt = base64_decode($str_crt);

	}

	$crt_details = openssl_x509_parse($str_crt);

	if ($crt_details['validFrom_time_t'] > 0) {

		$start = date('r', $crt_details['validFrom_time_t']);

	}

	if ($crt_details['validTo_time_t'] > 0) {

		$end = date('r', $crt_details['validTo_time_t']);

	}

	return array($start, $end);

}

function cert_get_serial($str_crt, $decode = true) {

	if ($decode) {

		$str_crt = base64_decode($str_crt);

	}

	$crt_details = openssl_x509_parse($str_crt);

	if (isset($crt_details['serialNumber']) && !empty($crt_details['serialNumber'])) {

		return $crt_details['serialNumber'];

	} else {

		return NULL;

	}

}

function prv_get_modulus($str_crt, $decode = true) {

	return cert_get_modulus($str_crt, $decode, "prv");

}

function is_user_cert($certref) {

	global $config;

	if (!is_array($config['system']['user'])) {

		return;

	}

	foreach ($config['system']['user'] as $user) {

		if (!is_array($user['cert'])) {

			continue;

		}

		foreach ($user['cert'] as $cert) {

			if ($certref == $cert) {

				return true;

			}

		}

	}

	return false;

}

function is_openvpn_server_cert($certref) {

	global $config;

	if (!is_array($config['openvpn']['openvpn-server'])) {

		return;

	}

	foreach ($config['openvpn']['openvpn-server'] as $ovpns) {

		if ($ovpns['certref'] == $certref) {

			return true;

		}

	}

	return false;

}

function is_openvpn_client_cert($certref) {

	global $config;

	if (!is_array($config['openvpn']['openvpn-client'])) {

		return;

	}

	foreach ($config['openvpn']['openvpn-client'] as $ovpnc) {

		if ($ovpnc['certref'] == $certref) {

			return true;

		}

	}

	return false;

}

function is_ipsec_cert($certref) {

	global $config;

	if (!is_array($config['ipsec']['phase1'])) {

		return;

	}

	foreach ($config['ipsec']['phase1'] as $ipsec) {

		if ($ipsec['certref'] == $certref) {

			return true;

		}

	}

	return false;

}

function is_webgui_cert($certref) {

	global $config;

	if (($config['system']['webgui']['ssl-certref'] == $certref) &&

	    ($config['system']['webgui']['protocol'] != "http")) {

		return true;

	}

}

function is_package_cert($certref) {

	$pluginparams = array();

	$pluginparams['type'] = 'certificates';

	$pluginparams['event'] = 'used_certificates';

	$certificates_used_by_packages = pkg_call_plugins('plugin_certificates', $pluginparams);

	/* Check if any package is using certificate */

	foreach ($certificates_used_by_packages as $name => $package) {

		if (is_array($package['certificatelist'][$certref]) &&

		    isset($package['certificatelist'][$certref]) > 0) {

			return true;

		}

	}

}

function is_captiveportal_cert($certref) {

	global $config;

	if (!is_array($config['captiveportal'])) {

		return;

	}

	foreach ($config['captiveportal'] as $portal) {

		if (isset($portal['enable']) && isset($portal['httpslogin']) && ($portal['certref'] == $certref)) {

			return true;

		}

	}

	return false;

}

function cert_in_use($certref) {

	return (is_webgui_cert($certref) ||

		is_user_cert($certref) ||

		is_openvpn_server_cert($certref) ||

		is_openvpn_client_cert($certref) ||

		is_ipsec_cert($certref) ||

		is_captiveportal_cert($certref) ||

		is_package_cert($certref));

}

function crl_create(& $crl, $caref, $name, $serial = 0, $lifetime = 9999) {

	global $config;

	$ca =& lookup_ca($caref);

	if (!$ca) {

		return false;

	}

	$crl['descr'] = $name;

	$crl['caref'] = $caref;

	$crl['serial'] = $serial;

	$crl['lifetime'] = $lifetime;

	$crl['cert'] = array();

	$crl_res = crl_update($crl);

	$config['crl'][] = $crl;

	return $crl_res;

}

function crl_update(& $crl) {

	global $config;

	$ca =& lookup_ca($crl['caref']);

	if (!$ca) {

		return false;

	}

	// If we have text but no certs, it was imported and cannot be updated.

	if (($crl["method"] != "internal") && (!empty($crl['text']) && empty($crl['cert']))) {

		return false;

	}

	$crl['serial']++;

	$ca_str_crt = base64_decode($ca['crt']);

	$ca_str_key = base64_decode($ca['prv']);

	$crl_res = openssl_crl_new($ca_str_crt, $crl['serial'], $crl['lifetime']);

	if (is_array($crl['cert']) && (count($crl['cert']) > 0)) {

		foreach ($crl['cert'] as $cert) {

			openssl_crl_revoke_cert($crl_res, base64_decode($cert["crt"]), $cert["revoke_time"], $cert["reason"]);

		}

	}

	openssl_crl_export($crl_res, $crl_text, $ca_str_key);

	$crl['text'] = base64_encode($crl_text);

	return $crl_res;

}

function cert_revoke($cert, & $crl, $reason = OCSP_REVOKED_STATUS_UNSPECIFIED) {

	global $config;

	if (is_cert_revoked($cert, $crl['refid'])) {

		return true;

	}

	// If we have text but no certs, it was imported and cannot be updated.

	if (!is_crl_internal($crl)) {

		return false;

	}

	$cert["reason"] = $reason;

	$cert["revoke_time"] = time();

	$crl["cert"][] = $cert;

	crl_update($crl);

	return true;

}

function cert_unrevoke($cert, & $crl) {

	global $config;

	if (!is_crl_internal($crl)) {

		return false;

	}

	foreach ($crl['cert'] as $id => $rcert) {

		if (($rcert['refid'] == $cert['refid']) || ($rcert['descr'] == $cert['descr'])) {

			unset($crl['cert'][$id]);

			if (count($crl['cert']) == 0) {

				// Protect against accidentally switching the type to imported, for older CRLs

				if (!isset($crl['method'])) {

					$crl['method'] = "internal";

				}

				crl_update($crl);

			} else {

				crl_update($crl);

			}

			return true;

		}

	}

	return false;

}

/* Compare two certificates to see if they match. */

function cert_compare($cert1, $cert2) {

	/* Ensure two certs are identical by first checking that their issuers match, then

		subjects, then serial numbers, and finally the moduli. Anything less strict

		could accidentally count two similar, but different, certificates as

		being identical. */

	$c1 = base64_decode($cert1['crt']);

	$c2 = base64_decode($cert2['crt']);

	if ((cert_get_issuer($c1, false) == cert_get_issuer($c2, false)) &&

	    (cert_get_subject($c1, false) == cert_get_subject($c2, false)) &&

	    (cert_get_serial($c1, false) == cert_get_serial($c2, false)) &&

	    (cert_get_modulus($c1, false) == cert_get_modulus($c2, false))) {

		return true;

	}

	return false;

}

function is_cert_revoked($cert, $crlref = "") {

	global $config;

	if (!is_array($config['crl'])) {

		return false;

	}

	if (!empty($crlref)) {

		$crl = lookup_crl($crlref);

		if (!is_array($crl['cert'])) {